Resumen Las enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas (EPC) constituyen una de las principales preocupaciones de la salud mundial, especialmente las carbapenemasas de tipo plasmídicas. El objetivo fue describir la evolución de las colonizaciones por EPC en hisopados anales de pacientes internados en unidades de cuidados intensivos polivalente (UTI) y COVID-19 (COVID-UTI) en un hospital de adultos de la provincia del Chaco, Argentina. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo entre enero y agosto del 2021. Se estudiaron 379 hisopados anales, el 26% (n=98) fueron positivos para EPC, donde K. pneumoniae fue la especie más frecuente. En COVID-UTI, en enero se obtuvo un 18% de portaciones positivas siendo todas del tipo KPC, escalando a un 81% en agosto, donde todas fueron identificadas como MBL. En UTI, se registró un incremento de la positividad de un 14% en enero hasta un 49% en agosto, siendo variable la detección de cepas KPC como MBL. Del total de pacientes colonizados, el 15% desarrolló una infección por EPC. La vigilancia activa junto a medidas de control son necesarias para limitar la diseminación de EPC.

Abstract Thecarbapenemase-producingenterobacteriaceae (CPE) are one of the main concerns of global health, mainly those that are encoded by plasmids. Theaimwasto describe theprogressofcolonizationby CPE in anal swabsofpatientsofintensivecareunit (ICU) and COVID-ICU in anadult hospital from Chaco province, Argentina. A descriptive retrospective study wascarriedoutbetween 2021 January to August. 379 anal swabswerestudied, in 26% (n=98) CPE weredetected. K. pneumoniae was the more frequent isolate. In January, in COVID-ICU, 18% of anal swabswhere positive, beingallidentified as KPC carbapenemase. In August, in COVID-ICU, the total ofpositive anal swabraisedto 81% and alldetectedcarbapenemasewere MBL type. In ICU, thepercentageof positive anal swabsincreasedfrom 14% in Januaryto 49% in August, whereboth KPC and MBL carbapenemasesweredetected. Of The total of colonized patients, 15% developed CPE infection. Active surveillance and control measures are necessary to keep down the spread of CPE.

ABSTRACT Amazon wetlands are among the most vulnerable ecosystem to be impacted by climate change, which may increase the frequency of extreme droughts and floods. We used Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes, two abundant aquatic plants in the Amazon floodplains, to evaluate the effects of combined temperature and [CO2] increase on growth, physiology and ecological interactions. Individual and paired plants were deposited for three weeks in a microcosm under four IPCC scenarios: control (current temperature/CO2), mild (control + 1.5 ºC, 200 ppm CO2), intermediate (control + 2.5 ºC, 450 ppm CO2) and extreme (control + 3.5 ºC, 850 ppm CO2). P. stratiotes died after three weeks in the intermediate and extreme treatments; E. crassipes experienced no mortality or change in any of the measured variables during the same period. P. stratiotes reduced root length in the mild treatment and reduced total dry biomass in intermediate and extreme treatments, revealing less tolerance to climate change. Ecological interactions between the two species changed with increasing [CO2] and temperature neutral interaction changed to facilitation for E. crassipes, while competitive interaction changed to neutral for P. stratiotes. Global climate change may alter the composition, biomass and ecological interactions of Amazonian aquatic plant species.

Abstract Epicauta atomaria (Meloinae: Epicautini) is a meloid that belongs to the Epicauta maculata species group. It is native to South America with a very wide distribution range that goes from 15° N, in central Brazil (Mato Grosso and Bahia), to 40° S, in the province of Río Negro (Argentina). Epicauta atomaria is recognized mainly by its coloring pattern: black integument, gray pubescent interrupted by glabrous macules. Despite the information collected for this insect, knowledge about its host plants, their economic importance, and oviposition behavior is highly fragmented and is generally based on isolated observations. The principal objectives of this work were: to provide information on its ecology, contributing with new distribution data for South America, make a complete list of associated cultivated and wild plants, providing new records, and describe and illustrate, for the first time, both the oviposition behavior and the different immature stages. As a result, we observed that E. atomaria has diurnal activity and is found preferentially on its host plants. Of the total number of plants registered, the most important families were Amaranthaceae and Solanaceae, and to a lesser extent Fabaceae. On the other hand, it was observed that the females lay their eggs in cavities in the ground, in compact masses that become darker as they mature. The larval development of E. atomaria included morphologically and biologically distinct phases, as was identified for other meloids. This study highlights the fact that E. atomaria is present in agricultural systems, therefore it is necessary to intensify research on the incidence of this insect in different crops of food interest and its possible agroecological management. Similarly, the study on associated wild plants should be expanded because they could be considered as primary alternative resources by these insects and their importance in being maintained or preserved in the vicinity of agricultural crops.

Resumen Epicauta atomaria (Meloinae: Epicautini) es un meloideo que pertenece al grupo de especies Epicauta maculata. Es nativo de América del Sur con un rango de distribución muy amplio que va desde los 15° N, en el centro de Brasil (Mato Grosso y Bahía) hasta los 40° S en la provincia de Río Negro (Argentina). A los adultos de E. atomaria se los reconoce principalmente por su patrón de coloración: tegumento negro, revestimiento gris interrumpido por máculas glabras. A pesar de la información recopilada para este insecto, el conocimiento sobre sus plantas huéspedes, su importancia económica y comportamiento de oviposición es muy fragmentado y se basa generalmente en observaciones aisladas. Es por ello que los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron aportar información sobre su ecología, contribuyendo con nuevos datos de distribución para América del Sur; confeccionar un listado completo de plantas cultivadas y silvestres asociadas, aportando nuevos registros; y describir e ilustrar por primera vez tanto el comportamiento de oviposición como los diferentes estados inmaduros. Como resultado, por un lado, hemos podido observar que E. atomaria presenta actividad diurna y se lo encuentra preferentemente sobre sus plantas huéspedes. Del total de plantas registradas, las familias más importantes fueron Amaranthaceae y Solanaceae, y en menor medida Fabaceae. Por otro lado, observamos que las hembras colocan sus huevos en cavidades en el suelo, en masas compactas que se van tornando más oscuras conforme van madurando. El desarrollo larvario de E. atomaria incluyó fases morfológica y biológicamente distintas como se identificó para otros meloideos. Este estudio pone en relevancia que E. atomaria se encuentra presente en los sistemas agrícolas por lo que se hace necesario intensificar las investigaciones sobre la incidencia de este insecto en los diferentes cultivos de interés alimenticio y su posible manejo agroecológico. De igual forma se debería ampliar el estudio sobre plantas silvestres asociadas en virtud de que pudieran considerarse como recursos alternativos primarios por parte de estos insectos y su importancia en ser mantenidos o preservados en las inmediaciones de los cultivos agrícolas.

Abstract The Riachuelo river basin (RRB) is considered one of the most polluted environments in the world. Knowledge of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) adapted to this extremely polluted environment is important for the establishment of future soil restoration projects. This work aims to make a first list of AMF species present on the RRB. Soil and root samples were randomly taken in an area of approximately 1500 m2, mycorrhization percentages were evaluated. AMF species were detected by molecular and morphological techniques. Sixteen AMF morphological species and 64 molecular species were reported in this work. Dominikia iranica, Funneliformis constrictum, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Rhizophagus irregularis and Septoglomus viscosum were detected by both techniques while Claroideoglomus sp. was only detected by pyrosequencing. The list of species reported in this work represents the first description of the RRB AMF community.

Resumen La cuenca del río Riachuelo (CRR) es considerada uno de los ambientes más contaminados del mundo. Conocer los hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HFMA) adaptados a este ambiente extremadamente contaminado es importante para el establecimiento de futuros proyectos de restauración de suelos. Este trabajo se propuso hacer una primera lista de especies de HFMA presentes en la CRR. Se tomaron muestras de suelo y raíces al azar en un área de aproximadamente 1500 m2 y se evaluaron los porcentajes de micorrización. La identificación de especies de HFMA se basó en técnicas moleculares y morfológicas. Se detectaron 16 especies morfológicas y 64 especies moleculares de HFMA. Dominikia iranica, Funneliformis constrictum, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Rhizophagus irregularis y Septoglomus viscosum se detectaron mediante ambas técnicas, mientras que Claroideoglomus sp. solo fue detectado por pirosecuenciación. La lista de especies reportada en este trabajo representa la primera descripción de la comunidad de HFMA de la CRR.

Abstract Phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) is predominantly caused by mutations in the PAH gene. One hundred and three Argentine PKU patients were studied by Sanger sequencing; 101 were completely characterized (90.3% were compound heterozygotes). Fifty-four different pathogenic variants were identified. Mutations were distributed all along the PAH gene but concentrated in exon 7 (26%), 12 (12%), 11 (10%), and 6 (10%). 77% were missense, and 77% affected the enzyme catalytic domain, nine mutations accounted for 57% of 179 studied alleles: p.Arg261Gln (Allele frequency(AF):10.6%), c.1066-11G>A (AF:9,5%), p.Arg408Trp (AF:8,3%), p.Tyr414Cys (AF:5,5%), p.Ala403Val, p.Val388Met, and p.Arg158Gln (AF: 5% each), p.Leu48Ser, and p.Ile65Thr (AF:4% each). The predicted phenotype was assigned by Guldberg´s arbitrary value (AV) and compared with the clinical phenotype based in tolerance to Phe intake. 29.1% (n:30) were hyperphenylalaninemias, 18.5% (n:19) mild-PKU, 27.2% (n:28) moderate-PKU and 25.2 % (n:26) classical-PKU. Genotype/phenotype correlation was statistically significant (p<0.001) Overall concordance was 62,5%: 93.3% in hyperphenylalaninemia, 64.7% in mild-PKU and 65.4% in classical patients. The moderate-PKU showed a weak concordance (17%) with milder AV prediction than clinical assessment. 74% of discordant moderate patients harbored p.Arg261Gln, and p.Val388Met. Our cohort is highly heterogeneous, with predominant Mediterranean influence (mainly Spanish), but with differences with other Latin-American countries.

Programming is a computer science discipline that has many applications in the real world including the resolution of nontrivial problems that involve great intellectual challenge. The main difficulty lies not in expressing the solution in terms of elementary instructions, but in solving the problem. To find an appropriate solution for a problem causes in the student a cognitive conflict due of they do not dominate a system of strategies in order to respond satisfactorily. The analysis of what happen in the classroom today with the first level students to the Engineering, exhibit that the academic performance of students is becoming less satisfactory added to the complexity of the subject content. The experience made during the dictation of the first programming course students receive in the first year of electronic engineering, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, and from the National University of San Luis, is presented in this paper.

La programación es una disciplina de las Ciencias de la Computación con muchas aplicaciones, incluyendo problemas no triviales cuya resolución constituye un desafío intelectual. La verdadera dificultad no reside en expresar la solución del problema en términos de instrucciones elementales de un lenguaje de programación específico, sino en la resolución del problema propiamente dicha. El proceso de encontrar una solución adecuada a un problema provoca en el alumno un conflicto cognitivo pues no dispone de un sistema de estrategias que le permitan responder de manera satisfactoria. Del análisis de la realidad áulica que se viene presentando con los alumnos ingresantes a la carrera de Ingeniería, se ha detectado que el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes es cada vez menos satisfactorio sumado a la complejidad propia de los contenidos de la asignatura. En este trabajo se presenta la experiencia realizada durante el dictado del primer curso de programación que reciben los alumnos de primer año en la carrera de Ingeniería Electrónica de la Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas y Naturales, de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis.

ABSTRACT Different harvest techniques and residue management can cause changes in the quantity and quality in soil organic matter (OM). This study aims to assess changes in concentration and in the quality of the OM, in an Ultisol with differents forest residue managements at the beginning of the second rotation. The treatment was: a) elimination of harvest residues and forest floor, bare soil (RE), (b) burning of harvest residues and forest floor and subsequent plowing (IP), (c) maintenance of harvest residues and forest floor on the ground (CP). Soil samples were analyzed for determination of soil organic carbon (OC), carbon in the light fraction (LC) and carbon in the fulvic acids (FA), humic acids (HA) and humins (HU) fractions. The harvest residue conservation did not increase the OC or the LC. There was a loss of the more labile fraction (FA) particularly in IP. The treatments without forest residues and forest floor (RE and IP) show an increase in the degree of stabilization of the OM with an increase HU and in the ratio HA/FA.

RESUMEN Las distintas técnicas de cosecha y manejo de residuos pueden provocar cambios en la cantidad y calidad de la materia orgánica (MO) del suelo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las modificaciones en la concentración y la calidad de la MO en un Ultisol con diferentes manejos de los residuos de la cosecha forestal del Pinus elliottii Engelm, al inicio de la segunda rotación. Los tratamientos analizados fueron: a) extracción manual de los residuos de la cosecha y del piso forestal, suelo descubierto (ER), b) quema de residuos y del mantillo, y laboreo con rastra (PI), c) conservación de residuos y del mantillo sobre el suelo (PC). Se determinó el carbono orgánico (CO) en todo el suelo y en las fracciones de ácidos fúlvicos (AF), ácidos húmicos (AH), huminas (HU) y en la fracción liviana (CL). La conservación de los residuos de la cosecha no aumentó el CO ni el CL. Se observó una pérdida de la fracción de ácidos fúlvicos (AF) particularmente en PI. Los tratamientos sin residuos forestales (ER y PI) muestran un aumento en el grado de estabilización de la MO con un incremento de las HU y de la relación CAH/CAF.

A frequência de sistemas frontais sobre o sul da América do Sul identificada na reanálise do NCEP/NCAR é comparada com as simulações dos modelos GFDL e Hadley e projetadas no clima futuro. As análises para identificar casos de sistemas frontais foram feitas em três regiões que cobrem áreas do Brasil, Uruguai, Paraguai e Argentina. Esta análise foi realizada com o fim de investigar as características de eventos extremos no clima presente e em projeções do clima futuro. Para o clima presente observou-se que os modelos analisados simularam bem as características sinóticas dos sistemas frontais. No entanto, quando se compara a frequência de ocorrência das frentes entre a reanálise e as simulações, observa-se que os modelos GFDL e Hadley superestimam seu número e apenas o GFDL consegue reproduzir a variabilidade mensal. O modelo Hadley superestima ainda mais em relação ao NCEP e GFDL no clima presente. A tendência positiva no número de frentes observada na área 3 (65ºW-60ºW, 33ºS-38ºS) nos resultados da reanálise não é simulada pelos modelos. Quando os casos mais intensos são selecionados, o modelo GFDL é o que superestima mais o número de sistemas frontais. Os dois modelos indicam aumento na frequência de sistemas frontais no futuro nas três áreas, porém em menor proporção na área 3.

The frequency of frontal systems reaching the south of South America is compared with reanalysis NCEP/NCAR and results of GFDL and Hadley models for the future climate. Three regions were analyzed to identify the frontal systems, in areas of Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina. The following criteria were used: increase of sea surface pressure, reduction of the temperature and change of the meridional wind at 850hPa, in two consecutive days. Selected cases with temperature drop above five degrees, considered the most intense, were also analyzed. For the present climate it was observed that the models simulated well the synoptic characteristics of frontal systems. However, when comparing the frequency of frontal occurrence between reanalysis data and models simulations, the GFDL and Hadley models overestimated their numbers. The Hadley model overestimates further more than the NCEP and GFDL in present climate. The positive trend observed in area 3 (65ºW-60ºW, 33ºS-38ºS) from NCEP reanalysis is not simulated by the models. When the most intense systems are selected, the GFDL model shows higher overestimation in number of frontal systems. Both models indicate an increase of frontal systems frequency in future in the three areas, although less in area 3.

Resumo Os efeitos do petróleo cru de Urucu sobre o crescimento e a produção de biomassa da herbácea aquática amazônica Echinochloa polystachya foram estudados experimentalmente em casa de vegetação. Plantas jovens de E. polystachya foram contaminadas com 5 dosagens de petróleo (0 to 2,64 L.m-2) e avaliadas após 1, 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias da exposição. Ao término do experimento foi verificada uma significativa diminuição da proporção de biomassa aérea viva/total, da umidade das folhas e aumento do número de folhas com comprometimento fitossanitário, em resposta ao aumento da dosagem do petróleo. O aumento do tempo de exposição levou à diminuição do número de folhas, biomassa aérea, proporção de biomassa aérea viva/total, biomassa total e um aumento do número de folhas comprometidas e biomassa aérea morta. Contudo, a biomassa de raízes e o comprimento das folhas não foram afetados pela exposição ao petróleo. A baixa tolerância de E. polystachya ao petróleo de Urucu levou à mortalidade de 90% da população de mudas em 20 dias com o tratamento de 2,64 L.m-2. A perda de indivíduos jovens de E. polystachya em doses relativamente baixas do petróleo de Urucu indica que, no caso de um derramamento de óleo na várzea amazônica, esta espécie seria severamente afetada e, consequentemente, todo o ambiente.

Abstract The effects of Urucu crude oil on growth and biomass production of Echinochloa polystachya were studied experimentally. Young plants contaminated with 5 oil doses (0 to 2.64 l.m-2) were monitored at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after exposure. A significant reduction was observed in leaf humidity and the ratio of live aerial/ total biomass related to the increase in oil dosage. Increased exposition time caused a reduction in the number of leaves, aerial biomass, proportion of live aerial/total biomass, total biomass, and an increase of dead aerial biomass. However, root biomass and leaf length were not affected by exposure to oil. The low tolerance of E. polystachya to Urucu crude oil has lead to the mortality of 90% of the plant population in 20 days at the 2.64 l treatment. The death of young individuals of E. polystachya by relatively low dosages of Urucu oil indicates that, in the case of an oil spill in the Amazon varzea, this species would be severely affected, endangering, consequently, the entire environment.

Por possuírem ciclos de vida curtos, os macroinvertebrados aquáticos podem responder rapidamente às modificações ambientais, alterando a estrutura das suas populações e comunidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se há relação entre a composição de macroinvertebrados aquáticos associados a bancos de Eichhornia crassipes o gradiente de condutividade elétrica da água e a biomassa das raízes destes bancos. No pico da cheia de 2005, 21 bancos de macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes dominados por E. crassipes foram amostrados no rio Negro (baixa condutividade < 30 µS cm-1), na confluência entre os rios Negro e Solimões (média condutividade > 30 µS cm-1 e < 50 µS cm-1), e no rio Solimões (alta condutividade > 50 µS cm-1). Foram encontrados 1707 macroinvertebrados aquáticos, distribuídos em 14 ordens e 35 famílias. A abundância de invertebrados aquáticos foi maior em bancos na confluência das águas. O aumento da biomassa das raízes de E. crassipes levou a um aumento da abundância e da riqueza de famílias de macroinvertebrados. A abundância dos coletores-catadores, coletores-filtradores e raspadores variou com o tipo de água, e apenas a abundância dos coletores-catadores e coletores-filtradores variou em função da biomassa das raízes. A riqueza de famílias dos raspadores variou em função do tipo de água. A organização da comunidade depende do gradiente de biomassa de raízes, indicando a importância da estrutura do hábitat para o estabelecimento dos macroinvertebrados.

Owing to their short life cycles aquatic macroinvertebrates may quickly respond to environmental modifications by changing the structure of their populations and communities. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates associated with Eichhornia crassipes stands, the gradient of water conductivity and biomass of the roots of these stands. At the peak of the floods of 2005, 21 banks of floating aquatic macrophytes dominated by E. crassipes were sampled in the Solimões River (high conductivity > 50 µS cm-1), the confluence of these the rivers Solimões and Negro (medium conductivity > 30 µS cm-1 and < 50 µS cm-1) and Negro River (low conductivity < 30 µS cm-1). A total of 1707 aquatic macroinvertebrates were found, divided into 14 orders and 35 families. The abundance of aquatic invertebrates was higher in stands in the rivers confluence. The increased biomass of roots of E. crassipes led to an increase of abundance and richness of families of macroinvertebrates. The abundance of collector-gatherers, filter feeders and collector-scrapers varied with the type of water; only the abundance of collector-gatherers and collector-filter-varied with the root biomass. The abundance of collector-gatherers, filter feeders and collector-scrapers varied with the type of water, and only the richness of collectors and filter feeders varied with the root biomass. The family richness of collector-scrapers varied with the type of water. The organization of the community depends on the gradient of root biomass, showing that habitat structure is an important factor for the establishment of macroinvertebrates.

According to patients, the quality of care in Child health services is a difficult concept to measure or quantify. For this study, an index of clinical governance linked to the quality of care in these institutions was used. This index is based on 43 variables such as, implementation of free services, availability of medicines and supplies, services offered, hours of operation, human resources, waiting time, accessibility, coverage, compliance and monitoring of the Integral Care Plan of, among others, prevailing illness during childhood. The aim of this study was to analyze the quality indicators and to assess the demand of attention in several Child Health care institutions. Data were collected in two Sanitary Regions, Asunción and Central departments, during the months of October 2007 through June 2008, interviewing the person who was in charge of the hospitalized child or who was accompanying him/her to the health service; a questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions was answered. Out of 317 completed interviews, it was found that 25,7% sought services at Specialized Hospitals (HE), 15,8% at District Hospitals (HD) and 10,5% at Regional Hospitals (HR). Relating to the quality of care indicators, 30% considered them very good, 32,5% good, 23% fair, and 14.5% of poor quality, being the HD at Limpio, the Health centres (CS) at Loma Pytá and the CS N° 9 Bernardino Caballero the worse ones; while on the other hand, the Acosta Ñu services, the National hospital at Itauguá and the HR at San Lorenzo were the best. The significance tests show that children admitted into hospital on average come from longer distances in km, take longer time to arrive from home to the services centre and have on average greater expenditure than children who come only for consultation. (p<0,01). With respect to the indexes of quality, they are related to the sanitary region and to whether the child comes to be admitted into hospital or just for consultation; being concluded that in the Central department the quality of services is better than those provided in Asunción, whereas the attention provided in consultation is better than in hospitalization. (p<0,01).

La calidad de la atención en los servicios de Salud infantil, de acuerdo a la percepción de las/os usuarias/os es un concepto difícil de medir o cuantificar, para esta investigación se utilizo un indicador de rectoría clínica vinculado, a la calidad de la atención en los servicios de salud infantil con 43 variables, como: a) cumplimiento de la gratuidad de servicios, b) disponibilidad de medicamentos e insumos, c) servicios ofertados, d) horarios de atención, e) recursos humanos, f) tiempo de espera, g)accesibilidad, h) cobertura, i) cumplimiento y seguimiento del plan atención integral de las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia, etc. El objetivo de la investigación es analizar los indicadores de calidad y evaluar la demanda de la atención en los establecimientos de Salud infantil. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales al acompañante del niño/a seleccionado/a al azar estando hospitalizadas/os o en consulta en dos regiones sanitarias de Asunción y Departamento Central entre los meses de Octubre 2007 a Junio del 2008, a quienes se les consulto acerca del servicio mediante un cuestionario diseñado con preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Se determino el tamaño de muestra con una prevalencia del 50%, margen de error del 5,4 % y con una confianza del 95%, en total 317 entrevistas completas, los resultados muestran que la demanda de atención en los servicios de Salud infantil, las/os usuarias/os concurren para su tratamiento preferentemente en los Hospitales Especializados 25,7%, en Hospitales Distritales 15,8% y en Hospital Regional 10,5%, con relación a los indicadores de calidad de la atención el 1,6% consideran de muy mala calidad, el 3,8% de mala calidad, el 20,8% regular, el 43,8% buena y 30% muy buena, destacando que los servicios de salud, H.D de Limpio, CS Loma Pyta y el CS N° 9 Bernardino Caballero son los centros de atención de mala calidad, mientras que los servicios: Acosta Ñu , H.N de Itauguá y HR San Lorenzo son los considerados como de muy buena calidad de atención. Los resultados de la prueba de significación estadística de diferencias de medias entre dos grupos demuestran que los Niños Hospitalizados en promedio provienen de lugares mas distantes a los centros de atención en kilómetros, tardan en promedio mas tiempo en minutos en llegar desde su domicilio al servicio y tienen un gasto promedio mayor que los niños en consulta p <0,01. Con relación a los indicadores de calidad demuestran que tienen relación con la región sanitaria y el tipo de servicio consulta/hospitalización, demostrando así que la calidad de atención en el departamento Central es mejor que Asunción y que la atención en la consulta es mejor que en la hospitalización con significación p < 0.01.

A utilização de plantas para fitorremediação do solo requer que a concentração do poluente esteja dentro dos limites de tolerância da planta para que o tratamento seja eficaz. O rebrotamento e crescimento da herbácea aquática Echinochloa polystachya em solo de várzea contaminado por petróleo de Urucu foram estudados por meio do plantio de propágulos em frascos com 2 L de solo contaminado pela mistura de 7 dosagens de petróleo, distribuídas entre 0 e 0,46 L m-2. O experimento foi realizado em Casa de Vegetação e as plantas foram monitoradas durante 70 dias. Em resposta ao aumento da dosagem do petróleo, houve diminuição da biomassa aérea, da proporção de biomassa aérea viva/aérea total, do comprimento da folha e do número de folhas. A interação entre dosagem e tempo de exposição levou à diminuição do número de folhas, comprimento da folha, altura de inserção da primeira folha e aumento do número de folhas com comprometimento fitossanitário. A utilização de E. polystachya para fitorremediação pode estar limitada a solos com baixas dosagens de petróleo de Urucu.

The use of plants for the phytoremediation of contaminated soils requires that the concentrations of the pollutant lay within the limits of tolerance of the plant in order to ensure the efficacy of the treatment. The vegetative propagation and growth of the aquatic herbaceous plant Echinochloa polystachya were studied by planting parts of stems in 2 L of várzea soils previously contaminated by crude oil from Urucu, in 7 different dosages of oil ranging from 0 to 0.46 L m-2. The experiment took place in a green house and the plants were monitored during a 70 days period. Increasing the oil concentration lead to the decrease of the above-ground biomass, the ratio alive aerial biomass/total aerial biomass, leaf length and number of leaves. The interaction between dosage and time of exposition contributed for a reduction in the number and length of leaves, height of insertion of the first leaf, and increase of the number of unhealthy leaves. The use of E. polystachya for phytoremediation may be limited to soils with lower concentrations of crude oil from Urucu.

Esta investigation se propuso caracterizar el enfoque de interculturalidad implicito en el programa de formation de docentes indigenas, administrado por la Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador y su congruencia con las concepciones de interculturalidad y diversidad que predominan en la actualidad. El trabajo empirico se oriento por las siguientes preguntas Como se define la interculturalidad en el marco del citado programa?, LQue estrategias utilizan los profesores para formar en la interculturalidad?, LSe atiende la diversidad en el proceso de formation del docente indigena promovido por la UPEL? Teoricamente, se apoya en los conceptos de interculturalidad y diversidad asi como en los postulados de la teoria de la action de Argyris y Schon (1978). Se asume la education intercultural como el "proceso de ensenanza-aprendizaje basado en el pluralismo democratico, la tolerancia y la aceptacion de la diversidad" (Arnaiz y De Haro, 1997). El estudio se reconoce como interpretativo-critico. Metodologicamente se aplico el muestreo teorico, la observation, la entrevista a profundidad y el analisis del discurso. Para el analisis de la information se utilizo la Escalera de la Inferencia (Argyris y Schon, 1978). Los hallazgos destacan: el reconocimiento de la diversidad etnica y cultural, la practica de un encuentro pedag6gico asimilacionista; restriction de la diversidad solo a lo etnico. Se concluye que la interculturalidad solo es utilizada para denominar superficialmente el programa, mas este no esta en concordancia con la profundidad e importancia tematica del area.

The following research proposes the intercultural characterization implicit in the training program for indigenous teachers manage by the UPEL. The empirical study was guided by the following questions: What is the concept of intercultural within the framework of the program? What strategies are used by teachers for implementing an intercultural environment? Is diversity an issue properly addressed by the UPEL in its training program for indigenous teachers? Theoretically, the research relies on the concepts of intercultural and diversity as well as on the principles of the theory of action postulated by Argyris and Schon (1978). It is assume that intercultural education is a "process of teaching-learning based on democratic pluralism, tolerance and the acceptance of diversity." (Arnaiz and De Haro, 1997). The study is seen as both interpretative and critical. In terms of methodology, theoretical sampling, observations, in-depth interviews and discourse analysis were applied. For the data analysis, the Information Chain model was used (Argyris and Schon, 1978). The findings highlight the acknowledgement of ethnic and cultural diversity, the practice of an assimilative pedagogical encounter, and restriction of diversity to ethnicity. The conclusion points out that the notion of intercultural is only used to describe superficially the program without realizing its profound thematic implications.

Este estudo determinou os fatores que influenciam a conduta de mulheres latinas de baixa renda nos EUA, em face do monitoramento pela mamografia (MM) e por meio do teste de Papanicolau (TP), em uma amostra de 148 mulheres latinas, residentes na região metropolitana de Washington DC. A idade média na amostra foi de 46,2 anos (desvio padrão 11,5), e 84% relatavam renda familiar anual menor que quinze mil dólares. Todas as mulheres falavam espanhol e apresentavam níveis reduzidos de aculturação; 96% destas informavam ter realizado TP, mas 24% não relatavam adesão às normas recomendadas de rastreamento. Entre aquelas com quarenta anos ou mais, 62% haviam realizado MM, mas somente 33% de acordo com as normas de rotina. A freqüência de conceitos equivocados sobre o câncer neste grupo de mulheres foi maior que a observada para mulheres latinas em outros estudos. Modelos logísticos multivariados para variáveis correlacionadas à conduta no rastreamento pelo TP e MM indicam que fatores como o medo do teste, vergonha e desconhecimento tiveram influência. Concluiu-se que as mulheres nesse estudo apresentaram menor freqüência de rastreamento por MM que mulheres não latinas, além de apresentarem também níveis mais reduzidos de adesão às normas de rastreamento por TP e MM.

Little is known about the factors influencing screening among low-income Hispanic women particularly among recent immigrants. A sample of 148 low-income, low-literate, foreign-born Hispanic women residing in the Washington DC metropolitan area participated in the study. The mean age of the sample was 46.2 (SD = 11.5), 84% reported annual household incomes<=$15,000. All women were Spanish speakers and had low acculturation levels. Ninety six percent had reported having a Pap smear, but 24% were not in compliance with recommended screening (Pap test within the last 3 years). Among women 40 and older, 62% had received a mammogram, but only 33% were compliant with age appropriate recommended mammography screening guidelines. Women in this study had more misconceptions about cancer than Hispanics in other studies. Multivariate logistic models for correlates of Pap test and mammography screening behavior indicate that factors such as fear of the screening test, embarrassment, and lack of knowledge influenced screening behavior. In conclusion, women in this study had lower rates of mammography screening than non-Hispanic women and lower rates of compliance with recommended Mammography and Pap test screening guidelines.